60 Minutes Report on Hoodia
(CBS) Each year, people spend more than $40 billion on products
designed to help them slim down. None of them seem to be working very
well.
Now along comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it'll be tripping off
your tongue, because hoodia is a natural substance that literally takes
your appetite away.
It's very different from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that
are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn't
stimulate at all. Scientists say it fools the brain by making you think
you’re full, even if you've eaten just a morsel. Correspondent Lesley
Stahl reports.
"Hoodia, a plant that tricks the brain by making the stomach feel full,
has been in the diet of South Africa's Bushmen for thousands of years."
Because the only place in the world where hoodia grows wild is in the
Kalahari Desert of South Africa.
Nigel Crawhall, a linguist and interpreter, hired an experienced tracker
named Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to help find it. The
Bushmen were featured in the movie “The Gods Must Be Crazy.”
Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he
ate hoodia. "I really like to eat them when the new rains have come,"
says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. "Then they're really
quite delicious."
When we located the plant, Kruiper cut off a stalk that looked like a
small spiky pickle, and removed the sharp spines. In the interest of
science, Stahl ate it. She described the taste as "a little cucumbery in
texture, but not bad."
So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects – no funny taste
in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also wasn't
hungry all day, even when she would normally have a pang around mealtime.
And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the entire day. "I'd have to
say it did work," says Stahl.
Although the West is just discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the Kalahari
have been eating it for a very long time. After all, they have been
living off the land in southern Africa for more than 100,000 years.
Some of the Bushmen, like Anna Swartz, still live in old traditional
huts, and cook so-called Bush food gathered from the desert the
old-fashioned way.
The first scientific investigation of the plant was conducted at South
Africa’s national laboratory. Because Bushmen were known to eat hoodia,
it was included in a study of indigenous foods.
"What they found was when they fed it to animals, the animals ate it and
lost weight," says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English pharmaceutical
company called Phytopharm that is trying to develop weight-loss products
based on hoodia.
Was hoodia's potential application as an appetite suppressant immediately
obvious?
"No, it took them a long time. In fact, the original research was done in
the mid 1960s," says Dixey.
It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and
identify the specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia. When
they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm.
Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million so far on research, including
clinical trials with obese volunteers that have yielded promising
results. Subjects given hoodia ended up eating about 1,000 calories a day
less than those in the control group. To put that in perspective, the
average American man consumes about 2,600 calories a day; a woman about
1,900.
"If you take this compound every day, your wish to eat goes down. And
we've seen that very, very dramatically," says Dixey.
But why do you need a patent for a plant? "The patent is on the
application of the plant as a weight-loss material. And, of course, the
active compounds within the plant. It’s not on the plant itself," says
Dixey.
So no one else can use hoodia for weight loss? "As a weight-management
product without infringing the patent, that’s correct," says Dixey.
But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim to
have hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills contain 75 mg of hoodia.
The company is pushing its product with an ad campaign featuring Anna
Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notified Trimspa that it hasn’t
demonstrated that the product is safe.
Some companies have even used the results of Phytopharm’s clinical tests
to market their products.
"This is just straightforward theft. That’s what it is. People are
stealing data, which they haven’t done, they’ve got no proper
understanding of, and sticking on the bottle," says Dixey. "When we have
assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01 percent of the
active ingredient claimed. But they use the term hoodia on the bottle, of
course, so they -- does nothing at all."
But Dixey isn’t the only one who’s felt ripped off. The Bushmen first
heard the news about the patent when Phytopharm put out a press release.
Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the Bushmen, who
are also called “the San,” was appalled.
"The San did not even know about it," says Chennells. "They had given the
information that led directly toward the patent."
The taking of traditional knowledge without compensation is called
“bio-piracy.”
"You have said, and I'm going to quote you, 'that the San felt as if
someone had stolen the family silver,'" says Stahl to Chennells. "So what
did you do?"
"I wouldn't want to go into some of the details as to what kind of
letters were written or what kind of threats were made," says Chennells.
"We engaged them. They had done something wrong, and we wanted them to
acknowledge it."
Chennells was determined to help the Bushmen who, he says, have been
exploited for centuries. First they were pushed aside by black tribes.
Then, when white colonists arrived, they were nearly annihilated.
"About the turn of the century, there were still hunting parties in
Namibia and in South Africa that allowed farmers to go and kill Bushmen,"
says Chennells. "It's well documented."
The Bushmen are still stigmatized in South Africa, and plagued with high
unemployment, little education, and lots of alcoholism. And now, it
seemed they were about to be cut out of a potential windfall from hoodia.
So Chennells threatened to sue the national lab on their behalf.
"We knew that if it was successful, many, many millions of dollars would
be coming towards the San," says Chennells. "Many, many millions. They've
talked about the market being hundreds and hundreds of millions in
America."
In the end, a settlement was reached. The Bushmen will get a percentage
of the profits -- if there are profits. But that’s a big if.
The future of hoodia is not yet a sure thing. The project hit a major
snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with
Phytopharm, and funded much of the research, dropped out when making a
pill out of the active ingredient seemed beyond reach.
Dixey says it can be made synthetically: "We've made milligrams of it.
But it's very expensive. It's not possible to make it synthetically in
what’s called a scaleable process. So we couldn’t make a metric ton of it
or something that is the sort of quantity you’d need to actually start
doing something about obesity in thousands of people."
Phytopharm decided to market hoodia in its natural form, in diet shakes
and bars. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.
But given the obesity epidemic in the United States, it became obvious
that what was needed was a lot of hoodia - much more than was growing in
the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came here.
60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm’s hoodia plantations in South
Africa. They’ll need a lot of these plantations to meet the expected
demand.
Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: grow a billion portions a
year of hoodia, within just a couple of years. He admitted that starting
up the plantation has been quite a challenge.
"The problem is we’re dealing with a novel crop. It’s a plant we’ve taken
out of the wild and we’re starting to grow it,' says MacWilliam. "So we
have no experience. So it’s different— diseases and pests which we have
to deal with."
How confident are they that they will be able to grow enough? "We're very
confident of that," he says. "We've got an expansion program which is
going to be 100s of acres. And we'll be able – ready to meet the demand.
This could be huge, given the obesity epidemic. Phytopharm says it’s
about to announce marketing plans that will have meal-replacement hoodia
products on supermarket shelves by 2008.
MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from the
hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. "It's actually a lot more
bitter than the plant that you tasted," says MacWilliam.
The advantage is this species of hoodia will grow a lot faster. But more
bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. "Not good," she
says.
Phytopharm says that when its product gets to market, it will be
certified safe and effective. They also promise that it’ll taste good.